symbol Si, atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086, the external electronic arrangement 3s²3p², at the 3rd week Phase IVA clan, the covalent radius of 117 picometer, ionic radius of 42 picometer, 786.1kJ/mol the first ionization energy, electricity negative 1.8. A crystal and amorphous with two allotropy. Crystalline silicon was gray, with a clear metallic sheen, lattice and the same diamond, hard and brittle, can conduct electricity, but the rate is not conductive metal but with the rise of temperature increase is a semiconductor. 2.33g/cm³ density, the temperature 1410 ° C, the boiling point of 2355 ° C, hardness 7. Single-quality low-temperature silicon and lively, with air, water and acid reaction. Room temperature oxidation of the surface were formed to protect 1,000 picometer silica membrane. Temperatures are able to respond to all halogen, generating four halogenated silicon with oxygen at 700 ° C above the combustion generated silica. With hydrogen chloride gas 431314 responses, generate SiHCl₃ trichlorosilane and hydrogen. Heat some nice metal (magnesium, calcium, iron, platinum, etc.) reaction, silicide formation.
at Chek with steam heat produced by the reaction of hydrogen and silicon dioxide. With the formation of alkali silicate solution emit hydrogen. Hydrofluoric acid with the formation of four fluorinated silicon. As used in the manufacture of high-silicon alloy iron, steel, also used in the manufacture of organic silicon compounds such as silicone resin, silicone and silicon rubber. High purity silicon semiconductor material; With trace impurities in silicon can be used in the manufacture of transistors, rectifiers and solar batteries, widely used in the electronics industry. In 1823 Sweden Jakob Berzelius with fluorinated silicon or silicon potassium fluoride and potassium has been hot powdered silicon, and identified it as elements. Previously called silica (Music West), a homonym for more elements, the chemical industry in China in 1953 renamed silicon silicon. The silicon is widely distributed nature of the earth, silicon atom content of 16.7%, quality percentage of 27.6%, by the nature of silicon silicon -28, -29 silicon, silicon -30 three stable isotope composition of rocks composed of silicon is an essential mineral elements , mainly in quartz sand, or silicate form. Industrial use of the electric furnace carbon reduction within silica obtained rough silicon. Using hydrogen reduction trichlorosilane tetrachlorosilane or can be obtained high-purity silicon.
Monocrystalline silicon single crystal. With the basic integrity of the structure of the crystal lattice. Different directions is of a different nature, is a good semiconducting materials. The required purity of 99.9999%, or even 99.9999999%. Used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, solar batteries. High-purity polycrystalline silicon single crystal in diameter from the heater.